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arXiv:2512.18273v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Quantum error correction (QEC) for fault-tolerant quantum computing requires a balanced decoding solution that offers high performance, low complexity, and low latency. However, the de facto standard - belief propagation (BP) combined with ordered statistics decoding (OSD) - suffers from excessive iterations in the BP stage and high complexity in the OSD stage. To address these challenges, we propose an evolutionary BP (EBP) decoder optimized via a differential evolution (DE) algorithm. By leveraging the gradient-free nature of DE, we enable end-to-end optimization of the EBP+OSD structure to maximize overall performance. In addition, a multi-objective selection rule is introduced to suppress frequent OSD activation, significantly reducing complexity overhead. Simulation results on surface codes and quantum low-density parity-check (QLDPC) codes demonstrate that EBP+OSD simultaneously achieves both superior decoding performance and substantially lower complexity compared to conventional BP+OSD, particularly in stringent low-latency regimes.

arXiv:2512.08945v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Mentalization is a core human capacity involving the interpretation of one's own and others' behavior in terms of underlying mental states. Large language models (LLMs) can generate linguistically reflective discourse, raising the question of whether the formal linguistic structure of mentalization can be reproduced without experiential and affective processes. This study assessed whether an LLM can generate mentalization profiles structurally coherent with the dimensions of mentalization-based treatment (MBT) and recognized as formally mentalizing by expert clinicians. Fifty human-model dialogues were generated with GPT-4.1 under standardized conditions; at the end of each, the model produced a narrative mentalization profile. Five MBT-trained psychiatrists independently rated each profile on 4 canonical MBT axes and 2 higher-order dimensions (regulatory functions, synthetic profile) for evaluative and argumentative coherence. Interrater reliability was assessed with ICC(3,k). Mean scores ranged from 3.63 to 3.98, indicating moderate-to-high structural coherence; ICC(3,k) in the evaluative domain ranged from 0.60 to 0.84. Evaluative and argumentative coherence were strongly associated (Pearson r 0.826-0.967). A negative control with mismatched dialogue-profile pairs yielded minimal ratings. Clinicians described outputs as linguistically organized and clinically interpretable, but with limited affective variability and contextual integration. The findings suggest that LLMs can reproduce the formal linguistic structure of reflective discourse - a phenomenon we term algorithmic reflectivity - which appears more consistent with structural language regularities than with experiential or intentional processes. LLMs may serve as research and training tools for studying the linguistic aspects of mentalization.

arXiv:2512.06746v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Recent advances in AI-Generated Image (AIGI) detection have largely focused on model architectures, loss design, and training strategies, while overlooking a more fundamental factor: how supervision is structured. Existing detectors typically train on benchmark-defined data that implicitly blends semantic and artifact signals, leaving supervision design unexplored. In this paper, we examine supervision structure through controlled experiments and show that such blended supervision is not merely suboptimal but fundamentally counterproductive. Replacing it with disentangled, orthogonal supervision - paired with inductively matched models - suffices to achieve strong cross-generator generalization. We formalize this as Orthogonal Supervision Disentanglement and instantiate it in AlignGemini, a two-branch detector in which a VLM receives purely semantic supervision and a vision expert receives purely artifact supervision. With disentangled supervision coupled with inductively matched models, even the simplest training recipe achieves a significant improvement of 9.5% across five in-the-wild benchmarks - trained on images from only two generators, without complex training strategies or diverse generator coverage. We further introduce AIGI-Now, a diagnostic benchmark covering eight contemporary generators, including five closed-source commercial models, with disentangled semantic and pixel evaluation subsets for fine-grained analysis of detector capabilities. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/GzZning/Align-Don-t-Blend.

arXiv:2511.16080v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Modern data processing workflows frequently encounter ragged data: multidimensional collections whose inner lengths vary and are revealed only at runtime. Ragged data is prevalent in domains throughout science and computing, yet existing workflow engines treat it as nested containers. This representation leaves shape semantics ambiguous, obscures task dependencies when upstream coordinates are not yet enumerated, and imposes coarse synchronization barriers that stall independent work across tasks. We argue that ragged data is fundamentally a flat function over a coordinate space, and that making this view explicit resolves all three difficulties at once. We realize this insight in Operon, a statically verifiable workflow engine built around a formalism of named dimensions with explicit dependency relations. Users declare pipelines in the Operon DSL by annotating data flow with dimension names, where the static checker verifies that every task does not include faulty iterations regardless of runtime lengths. At runtime, the system models in-progress arrays as partial functions over downward-closed coordinate domains, which provides a natural representation for partially-unknown data states, an exact notion of per-task indegree before all upstream coordinates are enumerated, and a sound basis for fault recovery without programmer intervention.

arXiv:2510.16511v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Real-world multivariate time series anomalies are rare and often unlabeled. Additionally, prevailing methods rely on increasingly complex architectures tuned to benchmarks, detecting only fragments of anomalous segments and overstating performance. In this paper, we introduce OracleAD, a simple and interpretable unsupervised framework for multivariate time series anomaly detection. OracleAD encodes each variable's past sequence into a single causal embedding to jointly predict the present time point and reconstruct the input window, effectively modeling temporal dynamics. These embeddings then undergo a self-attention mechanism to project them into a shared latent space and capture spatial relationships. These relationships are not static, since they are modeled by a property that emerges from each variable's temporal dynamics. The projected embeddings are aligned to a Stable Latent Structure (SLS) representing normal-state relationships. Anomalies are identified using a dual scoring mechanism based on prediction error and deviation from the SLS, enabling fine-grained anomaly diagnosis at each time point and across individual variables. Since any noticeable SLS deviation originates from embeddings that violate the learned temporal causality of normal data, OracleAD directly pinpoints the root-cause variables at the embedding level. OracleAD achieves state-of-the-art results across multiple real-world datasets and evaluation protocols, while remaining interpretable through SLS.

arXiv:2510.11953v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Learning disentangled representations, where semantic features are independently captured in a latent space, is dominated by Variational Auto Encoders (VAE) and Adversarial Training. In this paper, we provide direct quantitative and visual evidence that these methods consistently fail to enforce the target factorized representation on the aggregate posterior, leading to entangled representations. We quantify this failure using the Latent Predictability Score (LPS), an unsupervised metric of mutual predictability that empirically lower bounds the level of entanglement in a latent space. To address these limitations, we leverage the non-parametric Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) to directly sculpt the aggregate posterior enabling programmable priors. We demonstrate (1) state-of-the-art unsupervised statistical independence, with a 70% reduction in detected entanglement compared to leading baselines; (2) the flexibility to optionally inject semi-supervised information for explicit semantic alignment; and (3) precise shaping of the aggregate posterior distribution (validated through quantization-aware training) without sacrificing reconstruction quality.

arXiv:2510.06383v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: While de-identification models can help conceal the identity of the individuals mentioned in a document, they fail to address linkage risks, defined as the potential to map the de-identified text back to its source. One straightforward way to perform such linkages is to extract phrases from the de-identified document and check their presence in the original dataset. This paper presents a method to counter search-based linkage attacks while preserving the semantic integrity of the text. The method proceeds in two steps. We first construct an inverted index of the N-grams occurring in the text collection, making it possible to efficiently determine which N-grams appear in fewer than $k$ documents, either alone or in combination with other N-grams. An LLM-based rewriter is then iteratively queried to reformulate those spans until linkage is no longer possible. Experimental results on two datasets (court cases and Wikipedia biographies) show that the rewriting method can effectively prevent search-based linkages while remaining faithful to the original content. However, we also highlight that linkages remain feasible with the help of more advanced, semantics-oriented approaches.

arXiv:2510.01433v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Vision-based manipulation policies are commonly learned from rich visual observations, typically using dense visual features extracted from full resolution images. It remains unclear how much of this visual information is really needed for effective policy learning. In this paper, we investigate the opposite end of the spectrum: how effective can manipulation policies be if they use as input only a compact visual representation. Sparse 2D keypoints provide a deliberately compact representation, giving the policy spatial information while removing direct access to appearance, texture, and background. We design AFFORD2ACT (Affordance-Guided Keypoints to Act) to study how much manipulation capability can be retained under this representation constraint. An off-the-shelf language-conditioned affordance model identifies the task-relevant region, from which up to 15 object keypoints are selected, together with 4 end-effector keypoints. The policy input is therefore reduced to only 19 2D keypoints (38 coordinates). A lightweight gating further decides which keypoints to pay attention to during execution. Across six real-robot manipulation tasks, this compact state outperforms the evaluated RGB, RGB-D, and dense-affordance behavior cloning baselines, degrades less as the number of demonstrations is reduced, and achieves 82% average success in held-out settings. Replacing learned gating with uniform weights reduces success from 92% to 52%. At the same time, the representation depends on reliable affordance localization and keypoint tracking, and remains vulnerable to incorrect masks, occlusion, tracking drift, and distractors.

arXiv:2509.25045v4 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Despite their capabilities, Large Language Models (LLMs) remain opaque with limited understanding of their internal representations. Current interpretability methods either focus on input-oriented feature extraction, such as supervised probes and Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs), or on output distribution inspection, such as logit-oriented approaches. A full understanding of LLM vector spaces, however, requires integrating both perspectives, something existing approaches struggle with due to constraints on latent feature definitions. We introduce the Hyperdimensional Probe, a hybrid supervised probe that combines symbolic representations with neural probing. Leveraging Vector Symbolic Architectures (VSAs) and hypervector algebra, it unifies prior methods: the top-down interpretability of supervised probes, SAE's sparsity-driven proxy space, and output-oriented logit investigation. By combining the supervised learning paradigm of traditional probes with the dictionary-based representation principle of SAEs, our approach enables deeper input-focused feature extraction while supporting output-oriented analysis. Our experiments demonstrate that our approach consistently extracts meaningful semantic information across different LLMs, embedding sizes, and configurations, uncovering concept-oriented insights into LLM inference across two distinct scenarios: input-completion tasks and QA-focused text generation. VSA-based probing overcomes the limitations of logit-based analyses, which are constrained by the model's token vocabulary, while also mitigating the noisier interpretability outcomes often produced by SAEs in settings with a bounded conceptual feature space. By supporting a joint investigation of input-output features, this work advances the semantic understanding of neural representations while unifying the complementary perspectives of prior methods.

arXiv:2508.14936v4 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Synthetic data hold substantial potential to address practical challenges in epidemiology due to restricted data access and privacy concerns. However, many current methods suffer from limited quality, high computational demands, and complexity for non-experts. Furthermore, common evaluation strategies for synthetic data often fail to directly reflect statistical utility and measure privacy risks sufficiently. Against this background, a critical underexplored question is whether synthetic data can reliably reproduce key findings from epidemiological research while preserving privacy. We propose adversarial random forests (ARF) as an efficient and convenient method for synthesizing tabular epidemiological data. To evaluate its performance, we replicated statistical analyses from six epidemiological publications covering blood pressure, anthropometry, myocardial infarction, accelerometry, loneliness, and diabetes, from the German National Cohort (NAKO Gesundheitsstudie), the Bremen STEMI Registry U45 Study, and the Guelph Family Health Study. We further assessed how dataset dimensionality and variable complexity affect the quality of synthetic data, and contextualized ARF's performance by comparison with commonly used tabular data synthesizers in terms of utility, privacy, generalization, and runtime. Across all replicated studies, results on ARF-generated synthetic data consistently aligned with original findings. Even for datasets with relatively low sample size-to-dimensionality ratios, replication outcomes closely matched the original results across descriptive and inferential analyses. Reduced dimensionality and variable complexity further enhanced synthesis quality. ARF demonstrated favourable performance regarding utility, privacy preservation, and generalization relative to other synthesizers and superior computational efficiency.

arXiv:2508.10954v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Medical AI systems must remain reliable as data distributions shift across hospitals, imaging devices, and patient populations, yet privacy constraints often prevent storing or revisiting past patient data. We present UniPrompt-CL, a rehearsal-free domain-incremental learning framework for medical image classification using a single backbone and a single inference. Rather than relying on multiple backbones, repeated ViT inferences, or independent layer-wise prompt pools, UniPrompt-CL shares a unified prompt pool across transformer layers and expands it with only a few prompts per new domain. This reduces cross-layer redundancy while enabling efficient adaptation. On diabetic retinopathy, UniPrompt-CL improves average accuracy by 2.0 percentage points and substantially reduces forgetting relative to the strongest backbone-matched baseline. On skin cancer, it achieves competitive accuracy at the lowest training cost among DINOv2-B configurations. A controlled comparison varying only pool organization shows that the benefit arises from retention rather than learning each new domain: it is largest on the medical benchmarks, smaller on OfficeHome, and reverses on a heterogeneous six-stage DomainNet stream. These results suggest that cross-layer prompt sharing with lightweight expansion is practical for medical models requiring repeated retraining under limited on-site compute, while identifying the domain shifts under which it helps.

arXiv:2508.07406v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Agricultural robots are serving as powerful members across a wide range of tasks, nevertheless, they are still heavily relying on manual operations or railway systems for movement. In contrast, Vision-and-Language Navigation (VLN) enables navigating robots from starting points to target positions following natural language instructions, having shown strong performances across various domains. However, none of the existing benchmarks or methods are specifically designed for agricultural robots. To bridge this gap, we build our A2A benchmark, which consists of 1,560 episodes across 6 classes of agricultural scenes using the step-by-step format for instructions and the continuous environment for actions. We evaluate several existing state-of-the-art VLN methods on A2A, then we observe that they perform well on short instructions while perform poorly on long instructions. To alleviate this phenomenon, we design our STL module, which decomposes a complex instruction into a list of simple subtasks, thereby assisting the decision-maker to focus on the current short subtask rather than the entire long instruction at any time. We integrate STL into the NavGPT backbone to propose our AgriVLN method, achieving a sufficient improvement on SR from 0.33 to 0.47 with a slight sacrifice on NE from 2.76 m to 2.91 m. We further implement the ablation studies and the case study, discussing the effectiveness and limitations of AgriVLN on different subtask quantities and scene classes. Repository: https://github.com/AlexTraveling/AgriVLN.

arXiv:2506.16590v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Reinforcement learning remains sample inefficient, particularly when agents must adapt over time to related but distinct tasks, as in continual learning settings. Efficiency can be improved by transferring knowledge from a pretrained teacher policy to guide exploration in new but related tasks. However, if the new task sufficiently differs from the teacher's training task, the transferred guidance may be sub-optimal and bias exploration toward low-reward behaviors. We propose an energy-based transfer learning method that uses out-of-distribution detection to selectively issue guidance, enabling the teacher to intervene only in states within its training distribution. We theoretically link energy scores to state-visitation patterns under on-policy reinforcement learning. Empirically, our method improves sample efficiency and performance across both single-task and multi-task settings.

arXiv:2506.12045v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Much of the physical world is inaccessible to direct measurement and can be reached only through the sparse traces it leaves in other observable variables. Here we introduce the Temporal Radiation Operator Network (TRON), a spatiotemporal neural operator that learns proxy-to-field mappings, reconstructing otherwise unobserved physical fields from sparse, indirect sensor histories. For cosmic-radiation mapping, TRON reconstructs sea-level effective dose at 65,341 locations from histories of 12 neutron monitors, achieving 0.096\% mean relative $L_2$ error against EXPACS-generated reference fields in a chronologically held-out year; batched GPU inference evaluates a global field in approximately $\sim$1~ms, compared with $\sim$57.6~s for EXPACS on one CPU thread. On measured weather networks, TRON reconstructs temperature at held-out stations from thermometer or barometer histories, outperforming interpolation, calendar-based and hypsometric baselines. These results establish proxy-to-field reconstruction as a general route to recovering spatially distributed physical information beyond the direct reach of sparse sensor networks.

arXiv:2506.07121v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Ensuring the safety and robustness of large language models (LLMs) is a fundamental challenge and a critical prerequisite for the responsible deployment of artificial intelligence. Red-teaming, a systematic framework to identify adversarial prompts that elicit harmful responses from target LLMs, has emerged as a crucial safety evaluation paradigm. Within this framework, the diversity of adversarial prompts is critical for a comprehensive safety assessment. However, previous red-teaming approaches often pursue diversity through simplistic metrics such as word frequency or sentence embedding similarity, which may not capture meaningful variation in attack strategies. In addition, the common practice of training a single attacker model restricts coverage across all potential attack styles and risk categories. This paper introduces Quality-Diversity Red-Teaming (QDRT), a new framework designed to address these limitations. QDRT achieves goal-driven diversity through behavior-conditioned training and implements a behavioral replay buffer in an open-ended manner. In addition, it trains multiple specialized attackers capable of generating high-quality attacks across diverse styles and risk categories. Our empirical evaluation demonstrates that QDRT generates attacks that are both more diverse and more effective against a wide range of target LLMs, including open-source models \texttt{GPT-2}, \texttt{Llama-3}, \texttt{Gemma-2}, \texttt{Qwen2.5}, and commercial models \texttt{GPT-4.1} and \texttt{GPT-5-Chat}. This work advances the field of LLM safety by providing a systematic and effective approach to automated red-teaming, ultimately supporting the responsible deployment of LLMs. Our code is available at https://github.com/lamda-bbo/QDRT.

arXiv:2505.24255v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown potential in simulating human behaviors and performing theory-of-mind (ToM) reasoning, crucial for complex social interactions. We investigate ToM reasoning's role in aligning agentic behaviors with human norms in negotiation tasks, using the ultimatum game as our referenced task. We initialized LLM agents with different prosocial beliefs (Greedy, Fair, Selfless) and reasoning methods (chain of thought and ToM reasoning of varying levels), examining their decision-making processes and outcomes across multiple LLMs, including reasoning models like o3-mini and DeepSeek-R1 Distilled Qwen 32B. We perform 2,700 simulations to show that ToM reasoning enhances behavioral alignment with human norms, decision-making consistency, and negotiation outcomes. Consistent with prior findings, reasoning LLMs exhibit limited capability compared to ToM-enhanced LLMs, with different game roles benefiting from different ToM orders. Agents almost always chose strategies consistent with their assigned beliefs, and doing so aligned better with human norms in nearly every role, yet Greedy and Selfless agents still fell short of their norms in outcomes. Human verification further revealed that Llama 3.3 70B produces reasoning most consistent with its actions and beliefs. Our findings advance understanding of ToM's role in human-AI interaction and cooperative decision-making. The code used for our experiments can be found at https://github.com/Stealth-py/UltimatumToM.

arXiv:2505.06335v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Federated Learning (FL) has the potential for simultaneous global learning amongst a large number of parallel agents, enabling emerging AI systems to be trained across demographically diverse data. Central to this being efficient is the ability for FL to perform sparse gradient updates and remote direct memory access at the central server. Most of the research in FL security focuses on protecting data privacy at the edge client or in the communication channels between the client and server. Client-facing attacks on the server are less well investigated as the assumption is that a large collective of clients offer resilience. Here, for the first time, we show that by attacking clients that lead to repetitive clustered memory updates in the server, we can remote initiate a rowhammer attack to corrupt the server memory with induced bit-flips. A reinforcement learning (RL) attacker without backdoor access to the server can learn how to maximize server repetitive clustered memory updates by manipulating the clients' sensor observation. We demonstrate the feasibility of our attack using FL systems with sparse updates, tasked for automatic speech recognition (ASR) as well as CIFAR10 classification, our adversarial attacking agent can achieve around 70% repeated update rate (RUR) in the targeted server model, effectively inducing bit flips on server DRAM. The security implications are that such adversarial observations can cause disruptions to learning or may inadvertently cause elevated privilege, which could pave the way for further research on practical mitigation strategies in FL and hardware design.

arXiv:2505.04841v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Data imputation is a critical preprocessing step, particularly in clinical datasets where missingness can bias downstream inference. We propose a quantum-inspired imputation framework and evaluate it on the UCI Pima Indians Diabetes dataset, where several physiological variables contain structural zeros that are treated as missing. The approach combines Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with quantum rotation-based reconstruction, where rotation angles are selected via gradient-free optimizers (Simulated Annealing, COBYLA, and Differential Evolution). For robustness, we retain the top three optimizer solutions per method and reconstruct missing values under distribution-aware bounds (e.g., $\pm 2$ standard deviations) and avoid unrealistic collapse toward central tendency. We also benchmark against (i) classical baselines (Mean, KNN, MICE, Decision Tree), (ii) modern matrix/ML imputers (SoftImpute, MissForest, VAE), and (iii) rotation/PCA controls (random orthogonal rotations and bootstrap PCA). Across the evaluated features, quantum-inspired variants achieve substantially improved distributional fidelity under Wasserstein W1 relative to modern baselines (e.g., the best quantum setting reduces average W1 by $\sim$66% vs. SoftImpute, $\sim$84% vs. MissForest, and $\sim$90% vs. VAE; and by $\sim$60% vs. Mean imputation), while remaining competitive with strong classical/control configurations. Dispersion is better preserved under the quantum-inspired methods, with variance/SD ratios closer to the observed data than (SoftImpute, MissForest, and VAE) and typically better than (Mean, KNN, MICE, and Decision Tree) on average. Overall, the results support quantum-inspired, optimization-guided rotations as a statistically grounded and scalable strategy for realistic imputation in healthcare and general AI pipelines, with a design that can be mapped to future quantum hardware as it matures.

arXiv:2504.03690v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We consider multiple transmitters aiming to communicate their source signals (e.g., images) over a multiple access channel (MAC). Conventional communication systems minimize interference by orthogonally allocating resources (time and/or bandwidth) among users, which limits their capacity. We introduce a machine learning (ML)-aided wireless image transmission method that merges compression and channel coding using a multi-view autoencoder, which allows the transmitters to use all the available channel resources simultaneously, resulting in a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme. The receiver must recover all the images from the received superposed signal, while also associating each image with its transmitter. Traditional ML models deal with individual samples, whereas our model allows signals from different users to interfere in order to leverage gains from NOMA under limited bandwidth and power constraints. We introduce a progressive fine-tuning algorithm that doubles the number of users at each iteration, maintaining initial performance with orthogonalized user-specific projections, which is then improved through fine-tuning steps. Remarkably, our method supports up to 64 users with potential for further scaling, with only a 2.4% increase in the number of trainable parameters compared to a single-user model, significantly enhancing recovered image quality and outperforming existing NOMA-based methods over a wide range of datasets, metrics, and channel conditions. Our approach paves the way for more efficient and robust multi-user communication systems, leveraging innovative ML components and strategies.

arXiv:2503.19394v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Current machine learning approaches to medical diagnosis often rely on correlational patterns between symptoms and diseases, risking misdiagnoses when symptoms are ambiguous or common across multiple conditions. In this work, we move beyond correlation to investigate the causal influence of key symptoms-specifically "chest pain" on diagnostic predictions. Leveraging the CausaLM framework, we generate counterfactual text representations in which target concepts are effectively "forgotten" enabling a principled estimation of the causal effect of that concept on a model's predicted disease distribution. By employing Textual Representation-based Average Treatment Effect (TReATE), we quantify how the presence or absence of a symptom shapes the model's diagnostic outcomes, and contrast these findings against correlation-based baselines such as CONEXP. Our results offer deeper insight into the decision-making behavior of clinical NLP models and have the potential to inform more trustworthy, interpretable, and causally-grounded decision support tools in medical practice.