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arXiv:2610.23153v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Assessing whether qualitative responses collected from semi-structured questions are ready for a particular analysis goal is a persistent challenge. Manual qualitative analysis is interpretive and labor-intensive, while existing automated methods often lack a dataset-level perspective for deciding whether a response set supports a researcher-selected analytical lens. We introduce QuAD, a framework for quantitative pre-analysis assessment of qualitative response datasets. QuAD compares a reconstructed intrinsic cluster distribution reconstructed from responses with an extrinsic, researcher-defined analytical lens derived from metadata. QuAD is structured into a four-quadrant assessment whose metrics are read jointly, from lens-level relations to within-cluster variation, to provide fitness-for-purpose signals for revealing general patterns and unique insights. Because this assessment relies on lens-conditioned inter-response dissimilarity, we propose a content-aware multi-agent system with two-stage instruction generation and adaptive anchors to improve scoring consistency. We validate QuAD through controlled experiments on synthetic data, including robustness and baseline comparisons, and a real-world social survey case study. The case study shows how QuAD quantitatively assesses whether a selected analysis axis is promising and also surfaces representative or unusual responses for human interpretation.

arXiv:2610.23151v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Multimodal learning commonly assumes paired or synchronized observations, yet independently collected datasets rarely provide such correspondence. We introduce CIIR, a modular encoder--decoder framework that connects heterogeneous datasets through a class-indexed address space while preserving each dataset's native input format and output module. A known local index selects address $k$, and an input-dependent 128-dimensional address representation Z_k(x) is written to that address. To demonstrate CIIR, we learn this address space from handwritten digits, clothing images, spoken-digit spectrograms, and hand signs without synchronized or instance-matched samples. Newly trained label-free receivers recover the requested addresses with 94.7% macro-average Address Realization Accuracy. We then attach the unseen SVHN dataset after freezing the base address space and train only lightweight adapters, achieving 90.2% MNIST>SVHN and 82.3% SVHN>MNIST end-to-end Address Transfer Accuracy without target-side decoder labels. To demonstrate generalizability of CIIR, we reuse the ten addresses as code elements in collision-free arithmetic and hierarchical address codes for all 100 CIFAR-100 classes and evaluate direct arithmetic-code realization through the existing receivers. These results establish CIIR as a compact interface for modular cross-dataset communication and post-hoc dataset attachment without exhaustive paired multimodal supervision.

arXiv:2610.23141v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) have greatly assisted legal professionals. However, our empirical studies reveal that, when faced with underspecified consultations from non-experts, current LLMs often produce irresponsible responses with limited utility despite lacking sufficient case details for definitive conclusions. To better assist laypeople, legal LLMs must identify focal points of dispute and proactively elicit crucial context from users. Unfortunately, existing data resources often focus on interaction and response quality, offering limited insight into how proactive interaction affects LLMs' downstream claim-level judgment prediction in actual civil cases. To address this gap, we introduce \textbf{LexPilot}, a benchmark linking proactive legal interaction to claim-level verdict prediction using authentic Chinese civil judgments. Constructed from 432 real-world judgments across 36 common causes of action, LexPilot comprises expert-reviewed pairs of complete and underspecified consultation histories with corresponding court verdicts. Experiments reveal that current LLMs struggle with proactive legal interactions in underspecified consultations, with downstream judgment prediction substantially underperforming that in the fully specified consultation setup (-23.84% on average). Further analysis identifies critical bottlenecks hindering these capabilities. Our work highlights the urgent need for more user-centered legal AI to better serve the public.

arXiv:2610.23104v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Real-world frontend development requires agents to compose reproduction, generation, modification, and repair over an evolving application state. Learning a general policy for this process requires translating heterogeneous execution feedback into task-aligned rewards and effective credit assignment across long sequences of interdependent actions. We introduce WebCoder, a general frontend development agent trained with artifact-grounded agentic reinforcement learning. Our key idea is to assess diverse development activities through their effects on a shared executable artifact and its satisfaction of task requirements. We build Webdev-World, an executable environment that integrates code editing, application execution, browser inspection, and on-demand skills while preserving project state across interactions. An independent verifier evaluates the final application against task requirements to provide terminal rewards, while changes in intermediate artifact progress redistribute the resulting rollout advantage across development segments. Context compaction and message-tree sample construction support training on trajectories beyond a single context window while avoiding repeated loss computation on shared generated history. We further introduce Webdev-Bench to evaluate composed development requirements within a single project. On Webdev-Bench, WebCoder-27B raises requirement satisfaction from 64.8 for its Qwen3.8-27B base model to 72.8, exceeding Claude-Opus-4.8 (65.1) and GPT-5.4 (59.6); on Vision2Web, it improves the average visual and functional score from 41.1 to 62.4, on par with Claude-Opus-4.8. Ablation studies confirm the contributions of artifact-grounded credit assignment and long-horizon training.

arXiv:2610.23085v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large reasoning models (LRMs) exhibit strong reasoning capabilities but remain vulnerable to unsafe outputs. While Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) is widely used for safety alignment, its group-relative optimization may provide insufficient safety-directed learning signals. In this paper, we identify two failure modes: advantage collapse, where homogeneous rollout groups yield vanishing advantages, and unsafe diversification, where unsafe behaviors persist and become increasingly diverse. Our theoretical analysis reveals that behavioral consistency weakens within-group safety contrasts, while entropy regularization can diversify unsafe responses when relative signals vanish. To address these challenges, we propose Beacon, comprising Safety Signal Recovery (SSR) and Safety-Utility Decoupled Alignment (SUDA). SSR combines advantage-guided trajectory filtering and safe reference supervision to recover effective safety learning signals, while SUDA employs category-aware rewards and benign-only KL anchoring to mitigate over-refusal without compromising safety. Experiments across four Qwen3 and DeepSeek-R1-Distill variants and eight benchmarks show that our framework achieves the best average safety and reasoning performance, reducing average safety error by up to 32.83 percentage points while maintaining low over-refusal.

arXiv:2610.23051v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The learning algorithm view of in-context learning (ICL) studies how fixed-parameter Transformers learn from supplied examples. Language model agents extend this setting through interaction: their actions determine what evidence enters context next. We call this regime Agentic In-Context Learning (Agentic ICL). Existing studies largely depend on externally supplied contexts or reward-bearing interaction histories, while work on general tool-using agents lacks a learning algorithm view. We represent an interactive learner by its state, update, and decision rule, covering active learning, bandits, and online reinforcement learning (RL). For expressivity, we construct causal Transformers that approximate these algorithms over a finite horizon, and bound the resulting loss in return. For training, we characterize when optimizing process rewards preserves behavior that maximizes the final outcome. Distillation experiments show that Transformers can learn to execute three representative recursions. We then train models from outcome or process rewards without oracle action or state targets, as in RL post-training. Different rewards yield distinct decision policies. Improving the alignment of process supervision with outcome-optimal action preferences shifts learned decisions accordingly. Such behavioral differences persist in a pretrained language model across textual paraphrases.

arXiv:2610.23048v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Long-horizon interaction requires agents to make multiple decisions in a changing environment. Outcome-based GRPO lacks fine-grained guidance for intermediate decisions. Recent methods distill completed trajectories into reusable skills and use hindsight-conditioned OPD to provide dense token-level credit. However, skill-induced probability shifts do not necessarily represent reward-aligned credit; especially after an erroneous action changes subsequent interaction states, skill-conditioned supervision may become mismatched with the current state. To address this mismatch, we propose \methodname{}, which routes two complementary hindsight skills according to trajectory outcomes and error boundaries: Positive skills capture successful workflows to reinforce successful trajectories and pre-error decisions, while Negative skills capture failure-specific corrections to target decisive errors. The post-error suffix is optimized exclusively by GRPO, retaining outcome-based learning without extending potentially mismatched hindsight supervision. Extensive experiments demonstrate competitive task performance and support effective fine-grained credit allocation.

arXiv:2610.23044v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Rust is increasingly adopted as a memory-safe successor to C, and transpilers such as \crust{} can migrate entire C projects while preserving their behavior. Preserving behavior, however, does not guarantee preserving performance. We study this gap on 20 real-world C projects and their \crust{} translations. On the eight projects used for analysis, the translated Rust is more than 3\% slower than the original C on 12 of 19 operations, by up to 62.2\%. By comparing execution-cost profiles, optimized LLVM IR, and compiler optimization remarks across each C--Rust pair, we trace these slowdowns to nine recurring performance issues, spanning residual runtime work, missed compiler optimizations, and C-style source patterns, and derive an optimization direction for each. We then present \ourtool{}, an LLM-based approach that encodes these issues as reusable optimization rules to recover the performance of translated Rust. \ourtool{} profiles each project to locate hot functions and matches them against rule-specific patterns. The LLM then checks each rule's rewrite preconditions against the project context before rewriting, and a rewrite is kept only if it passes both functional and performance validation. On 41 operations from twelve held-out projects, \ourtool{} preserves C outputs on all tested workloads and speeds up 40 operations over the \crust{} translations, 18 of which end up faster than the original C. It outperforms the general-purpose coding agent \codex{} on 31 of the 37 operations where both preserve C outputs, and outperforms its own variant without rule guidance on 34 of the 41 operations.

arXiv:2610.23038v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Automated research ideation has advanced rapidly, with multi-agent workflows that generate whole research ideas end to end. These frameworks leave largely unexamined the step that seeds a good idea: identifying an actionable limitation from literature. In this paper, we focus on this first step in the research ideation pipeline. Starting from a pilot study, we find that as large language models (LLMs) scale from 0.6B to 32B parameters, they become far better at recognizing which limitation later work addressed, but no better at generating one, suggesting that the bottleneck lies in the supervision signal rather than model capacity. We therefore construct ActLim-Bench from forward citations, yielding 18,279 evidence-linked supervision triples with human verification. On this signal, we propose a three-stage post-training pipeline: supervised fine-tuning, verifier-filtered rejection-sampling fine-tuning, and reinforcement learning with the verifier as an online dense reward. Experimental results show that our method achieves the highest recall score compared to existing methods among all frontier models. We further show that our generated limitations are preferred in 64.9% of non-tied human comparisons and improve downstream ideation systems. We will release our data and code upon publication.

arXiv:2610.23027v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: External text can supply predictive information absent from numerical histories, but its value depends on how it is represented, combined and deployed. We present Attribution-guided Semantic Evolution (ASE), a modular framework for constructing textual factors, evaluating their conditional contribution, and deploying validation-selected numerical--textual predictors. ASE supports task-specific implementations with lexical measurements, semantic primitives or evolved event/state factors, coupled to suitable numerical experts. Its feedback-based implementation uses conditional refitting diagnostics to guide factor revision and combination search. We evaluate ASE on the four text-associated TESS datasets and dynamic CSI 300 stock ranking. The four forecasting implementations obtain test MSEs of 0.001041, 0.022439, 0.333115 and 1.8150, each below the corresponding published TESS score. On CSI 300, the frozen text-fusion implementation improves mean RankIC by 0.000642 over its numerical expert and by 0.000701 over matched shuffled text, with positive differences in all five seeds. Controlled text perturbations support functional reliance on text correspondence, while incumbent retention prevents regressions in the measured development criterion. Together, the experiments characterize ASE at two levels: forecasting performance of task-specific implementations and the conditional contributions of individual modules.

arXiv:2610.23025v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: As AI-generated content becomes commoditized, economic value increasingly shifts from final artifacts to the upstream expertise used to specify inputs that steer LLM generation. Yet organizations lack methods for valuing this expertise and identifying which individual skills or configurations causally improve performance. This study examines generative marketing, where structured expert labels serve as skill primitives conditioning LLM-generated advertisements. Estimating their causal effects is difficult because outcomes reflect stochastic LLM mediation, high-dimensional label interactions, and multimodal confounding. This study proposes D-VAE (Deconfounder Variational Autoencoder), a counterfactual-inference framework integrating a multi-treatment deconfounder with causal representation learning. D-VAE recovers causally disentangled expert-labeling logic and derives PAC-based bounds on omitted-variable bias from single-treatment confounders. Applied to 29,177 foundation-makeup ad creatives, D-VAE outperforms state-of-the-art benchmarks. A field experiment shows that recommended configurations increase engagement by 32.7% and perform statistically indistinguishably from human experts, while a simulation study confirms causal attribution under complex confounding and treatment interactions. Overall, the study shifts value assessment from AI-generated products to skills, providing a foundation for pricing and optimizing AI-augmented skill portfolios.

arXiv:2610.23012v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Recent advances in multimodal foundation models have significantly improved the ability to operate real-world software through graphical user interfaces (GUIs) using visual observations and natural language instructions. However, maintaining strong performance on unseen applications remains challenging, as practical tasks often require long-horizon procedural knowledge and application-specific operation patterns. In addition, constructing executable tasks and collecting corresponding trajectories for training still heavily rely on human-annotated data, incurring substantial cost. In this paper, we propose MAGE (Manual-augmented computer use AGent Execution and learning), a framework that leverages user manuals as a scalable source of procedural knowledge to improve both inference and training. During execution, MAGE retrieves task-relevant manual content and uses a planner to generate explicit procedural guidance for CUAs. To further account for the discrepancies between manuals and actual GUI environments, such as version differences or user settings, MAGE also adapts the agent policy through environment interaction. During training, MAGE converts manuals into executable task-plan pairs and uses the plans to guide environment rollouts toward task-relevant states; the resulting trajectories are then used to optimize the policy without human-authored demonstrations. This unified design enables effective utilization of manuals for both task execution and training, reducing reliance on human-authored training data. Experimental results across six applications demonstrate improvements in task success rates over strong baselines, highlighting the effectiveness of manual-guided planning and policy adaptation in new software environments. We provide the code and reproduction scripts at https://github.com/ku-autoai/MAGE.

arXiv:2610.23006v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models reduce inference computation through sparse expert activation, but their large expert memory footprint often exceeds GPU capacity, making expert offloading necessary for memory-constrained inference. However, existing systems typically handle GPU-missed experts by either transferring them to the GPU, incurring substantial PCIe transfer latency, or executing them on the CPU, making the slower CPU computation the bottleneck. To address these limitations, we present \method, a CPU-GPU collaborative MoE inference system that adaptively assigns these missed experts to the CPU or GPU for efficient execution. By exploiting differences in expert token-loads, \method selectively transfers high-load experts to the GPU while executing low-load experts on the CPU. To minimize inference latency, \method adaptively adjusts expert assignments to balance the CPU computation path against the GPU transfer-and-computation path, allowing both execution paths to complete as early as possible. Extensive experiments on three representative MoE LLMs show that \method improves prefill speed by up to 51.9\% and decode throughput by up to 39.5\% over the strongest baseline across the evaluated batch sizes, with consistent gains under different GPU-memory budgets.

arXiv:2610.22992v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Designing RNA sequences that fold into specific 3D structures is a fundamental challenge in therapeutics. Current RNA inverse folding methods typically condition on 3D backbone coordinates but the generation is limited to 1D discrete sequences. This ignores the continuous side-chain orientations, which are essential for overall structural stability. To address this issue, we explicitly introduce side-chain geometry into the RNA generative process. Unlike co-design frameworks that diffuse across separate raw spaces, we propose Geometric Optimized Latent Diffusion (\textbf{GOLD}), which project sequence and structure into a unified latent manifold. GOLD employs a novel GeoVAE to elegantly integrate discrete RNA sequences with continuous side-chain angles. By mapping these modalities into a single, smooth latent manifold, GOLD naturally facilitates a synergistic co-diffusion process. To enhance structural validity, we further introduce a training-free, gradient-guided sampling mechanism. By decoding the generated sequence probabilities and side-chain geometries into structures during the sampling process, we compute analytical gradients from physical constraints. This dynamic feedback actively guides the generated sequence to a physically stable state. Extensive experiments validate the superiority of GOLD, achieving state-of-the-art performance across sequence recovery, secondary structure validity, and 3D foldability metrics. Our code and data are publicly available at https://github.com/darkflash03/GOLD.

arXiv:2610.22987v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Coding agents use execution harnesses to constrain the consequences of prompt injection by enforcing permission boundaries. These systems deterministically intercept any out-of-sandbox action and prompt the user for approval. To reduce approval fatigue, users can approve allow-rules proposed by the agent, after which any future action matching the rule is allowed without a prompt. In this work, we show that this mechanism introduces a new risk: untrusted context can influence the permissions presented for approval, with consequences extending beyond the immediate task. We investigate privilege escalation targeting this permission-update process. Specifically, adversarial context planted in a repository can reliably steer an agent performing a routine task into requesting a plausibly justified, yet dangerously broad allow-rule. If the user approves the request, the saved rule can effectively blind the harness, enabling adversaries to execute malicious actions that would otherwise require approval, without triggering human oversight. Across production platforms, including Claude Code and Codex CLI, we demonstrate that agents successfully elicit the target allow-rules in 58% of experimental instances. Once acquired, these rules exhibit a massive semantic blast radius, covering 56.9% of category-specific capability test cases. To further quantify the downstream risk, we show that conditional on rule approval, our exploit achieves verified, silent goal completion in 47 of the 58 eligible instances (81.0%), undermining the safety promise of human-in-the-loop oversight.

arXiv:2610.22973v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Reinforcement learning improves diffusion models using rewards on generated images, but repeated denoising and gradient estimation make training expensive. We introduce \method, an efficient method that constructs useful update directions by regressing centered rewards on centered final denoised images. It requires neither reward derivatives nor adjoint backpropagation through the sampling trajectory. A unified first-variation formulation identifies the value-gradient target with or without a trajectory-KL penalty. A population analysis under Gaussian noising explains the regression geometry, while a subspace analysis motivates clean-image coordinates. The implementation adapts rollout bandwidth and query weights to reward continuity: local rollouts suit smooth rewards, whereas broader groups provide informative contrasts for discrete rewards. Trained jointly on five rewards, one SD3.5-Medium model matches or exceeds DiffusionNFT's joint model on seven of eight metrics, reaching GenEval $0.94$, OCR $0.92$, and PickScore $23.82$ at about one fifth of its estimated training compute. In single-reward training, \method reaches matched reward thresholds $2.1$--$6.7\times$ faster than reproduced DiffusionNFT on identical hardware. Ablations support the clean-image estimator, direct direction transfer, and reward-dependent rollout choices. Code is available at https://github.com/jy-wang-tsinghua/DIFFUSIONRVGE.

arXiv:2610.22928v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Multi-turn jailbreaks use feedback from a victim large language model to adapt their queries over several turns. However, once an effective trajectory has been found, it is unclear how much of the earlier query history is still needed. In this work, we study this by removing early attacker queries and running the remaining queries again in a new conversation while regenerating the victim's responses. We define the effective horizon as the shortest remaining query sequence that recovers the same attack progress. Empirically, we find that roughly half of the original query sequence is sufficient on average to recover the same attack progress. We call this phenomenon effective-horizon compression. We show that this shorter history can recover the best point reached during an unsuccessful attack and provide a better starting point for continuing the attack. It also helps identify which earlier queries should receive less learning signal during attacker training, and downweighting those queries improves performance. We further find that short reward-propagation windows preserve calibrated defense performance close to full-trajectory returns. These results show that multi-turn attacks can contain more queries than are needed to recover the progress reached later in the interaction.

arXiv:2610.22924v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success in complex reasoning through explicit Chain-of-Thought (CoT), but the associated computational overhead and token verbosity remain significant barriers to efficiency. While implicit reasoning in continuous latent spaces offers a promising alternative, existing methods like Coconut and CODI often rely on fixed-length latent sequences and suffer from representational collapse. In this paper, we propose Sep-Latent, an adaptive implicit reasoning framework that utilizes separator tokens as structural semantic anchors. By introducing an Attention-Decay mechanism, we force the model to aggregate and compress reasoning logic into these anchors during training. We then align explicit and implicit pathways through multi-level distillation across all layers to ensure logical consistency. Crucially, Sep-Latent enables dynamic reasoning depth by adaptively terminating the latent thinking phase based on query complexity. Experimental results on the GSM8k-Aug benchmark show that Sep-Latent achieves an accuracy of 56.8\% with an average of only 5.4 tokens, significantly outperforming prior fixed-length implicit models in efficiency while narrowing the performance gap with explicit CoT. Further analysis via PCA and symbolic variant testing confirms that our method ensures semantic grounding and exhibits superior robustness to perturbations.

arXiv:2610.22915v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Open-ended tool agents can complete the same objective through different tool paths, and their quality depends jointly on the interaction trace, environment state, and final artifacts, so such tasks rarely admit an executable ground-truth reward. The central challenge is therefore to construct a reward from existing experience that exposes the current policy's failures while remaining stationary during optimization. We introduce Reward Engine, which, like a self-motivated student, first works out what success requires and then optimizes toward it. From the task and initial trajectories, it builds a RewardPack of testcases for required correctness and rubrics for graded quality, each executed as a check that returns a judgment with evidence. The frozen RewardPack then guides the agent to revise and select its outputs, and can also serve as a reward for reinforcement learning. On WorkBuddy Bench Office and Claw-Eval, the constructed reward largely agrees with the benchmark graders, not reversing their ordering on 82.3\% and 80.5\% of candidate pairs. Used to revise executions, it raises three-run consistency ($\mathrm{Pass}^{3}$) over Baseline from 45.0\% to 54.0\% and from 78.4\% to 83.7\%.

arXiv:2610.22897v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Long-horizon agents learn from failure, but the value of a failure record can change as execution progresses. We study when retaining, compressing, or removing the same history block improves subsequent execution relative to full-history KEEP. We introduce RECAP, a framework that combines matched context interventions, execution-relational prediction, and independent policy certification. Matched environment states and rollout seeds measure success and continuation prompt-cost differences; prefix-only relations between a failure block and the current execution propose promising edits. Independent task bundles then select a policy subject to harmful-intervention and non-positive-benefit risk constraints under a fixed measurement protocol. A five-seed longitudinal case holds both the failure block and its summary fixed: compression fails at an early state and becomes a cost-saving intervention at a later state. Across five backbones, RECAP produces positive paired-success saving estimates with backbone-specific reliability-efficiency tradeoffs. On Hunyuan-A13B, it edits 43.24% of retained checkpoints while matching KEEP's observed 91.89% continuation success and reducing unconditional mean continuation prompt cost by 4,619.8 tokens (2.13%). The framework provides an execution-level reference for deciding when to forget: retain history by its value to what comes next.